Grammar∣使役動詞 have, make, let (叫、讓)的用法

所謂「使役」，就是叫人家去做事情，如：

1. 老師叫 John 到辦公室拿他的書
2. 爸爸叫我明天下午要洗車子
3. 王先生昨天讓他們坐在那邊。

這類的動詞，英文中稱為「使役動詞」，有 make, have (使 ...), let 三個。這三個動詞的最大特色，也是須注意事項是，其後的第二個動詞是用「原形動詞」，不可再加 to。所以前述的三個例子的英文是：

4. The teacher made/had John get his book in the office.（註：在當作「使役動詞」用法中，make = have。）
5. Father makes/has me wash the car tomorrow afternoon.
6. Mr. Wang let them sit there yesterday.　（let 的過去式仍是 let）

以上三句的使役動詞均故意用不同的時態，如此可以清楚地看出其後的褐色動詞仍是用「原形動詞」。

對於「使役動詞」的用法，建議背好底下的常用句子：

7. Let's go.（我們走吧！）

這一句不但常用，且句子很短，go 用「原形動詞」可突顯出「使役動詞 + 原形動詞」的特殊用法。

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容易造成混淆的其他動詞： 「使役動詞」只有三個，特殊用法記起來就沒事，但依經驗顯示，真正會造成學習扣分的原因，在於有些動詞的對應中文意思和「使役動詞」很類似，故容易和上述的「使役動詞」混在一起。這些動詞有 want (要 ...；叫 ...) 及 ask (要求 ...)。這兩個動詞後的第二個動詞，並不是用「原形動詞」，而是和其它的大多數的動詞一樣，是要加 to 的「不定詞」。參照底下的例句：

7. The teacher wanted John to get his book in the office.
8. Father wants me to wash the car tomorrow afternoon.
9. Mr. Wang asked them to sit there yesterday.

為了要使學生能較正確地使用，通常建議學生背下底下的片語：

need to ...	learn to ...	want (人) to ...	ask 人 to ...
tell 人 to ...	decide to ...

另一個容易造成混淆須注意事項： make 和 have 除了本單元所提當「使役動詞」使用外，它們還有其它的意思；make 最常見者為「製造、製作」；have 還有「有、舉行、吃、喝」等的意思；have to 的中文對應意思是「必須」等，如：

10. Mother is making breakfast in the kitchen.（媽媽正在廚房做早餐。）
11. This car is made in Japan.（這部車是日本製的。）

12. Helen had some cola at my home.（Helen 在我家喝了一些可樂。）
13. When will Jack have his birthday?（Jack 什麼時候要舉行他的慶生會？）
14. We have to go to Jimmy's home to pick him up first. （我們必須先到 Jimmy 家去接他。）

所以看到題目，不能只直覺反應 make 或 have 一定是「使役動詞」用法，還是要看上、下文意思決定。

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另外一個有趣的動詞是 help，其後的第二個動詞可直接用「原形動詞」，也可以和其它的大多數的動詞一樣，加 to形成「不定詞」。

15. Our teacher helped us (to) practice singing.

Grammar∣had better

Had better有時會縮寫為’d better，我們來看一些例句和用法：

1、had better後面必須跟動詞原形。這裡的had不能用have來替換。如：
Tom, you’d better go there today. 湯姆，你最好今天去那兒。

2、主詞不論是第幾人稱，句子不論是什麼時態，都要用had better的形式。如：
Now you (he，we) had better listen to the teacher.你（他，我們）現在最好聽老師講話。

3、可用的時態。

(1)用於指現在。如：
Now you had better listen to your boss.你現在最好聽老闆說什麼。

(2)用於指將來。如：
You had better start tomorrow.你最好明天動身。

(3)用於進行式，表示講話人提出建議時，動作正在進行。如：
We had better be starting back now.我們最好現在就動身回去。

(4)had better + have + V-ed 可表示「本該做而沒有做的事」。如：
You had better have done it .如果你把那件事辦妥就好了。（但實際上你沒有那樣做）

4、had better的否定式。Not直接放在had better的後面。如：
You had better not miss the last bus.你最好不要錯過末班公共汽車。

*Not不能放在had的後面。如：不能說：You hadn’t better go.而應該說：You had better not go.

5、在祈使句中，had有時可以省略。如：
Better not wait for them.最好不要等他們。

6、had better在表示對別人勸告、建議時，不宜用於與陌生人、長輩及上級的交談中。比較有禮貌的說法是：
It might be better for you...

[練習]下列各句都有一處錯誤，請改正。
1、You’d better to wait for me at the lobby.
2、I have better write to him now.
3、You had not better go there.

[答案]
1、去掉to
2、have應改為had
3、將not置於better後面

Grammar∣nor

[nor 也不]


nor也可以像neither一樣，引介第二個否定概念，表示「也不」：注意nor後面的主詞和動詞要倒裝，此時字序為「nor＋助動詞或be動詞＋主詞＋主動詞」：


I’m not interested in gossip and nor should you be.


我對八卦沒有興趣，你也不應該有興趣。


They had not thought about it much, nor did they intend to.


他們對這件事沒有想很多，也不打算想太多。

John doesn't want to go for dinner tonight, so neither do I.
John doesn't want to go for dinner tonight, so nor do I.

Grammar∣(another), (the other) ; (other, others), (the others)

Grammar∣Still、Yet 、Only 當連接詞

Still、Yet 、Only (仍然、然而)

【觀念確認】是副詞轉作連接詞，語氣上still強過yet，yet強過only，only = but。

我樂意為您效勞，實在是太忙

    I am willing to do it for you, but (I am) too busy.

    I am willing to do it for you, only (I am) too busy.

    我了解，但我仍無法同意

    I can understand, (and) yet I can’t agree.(有and時yet是副詞)

    雖然他很努力工作，但他仍窮困

    He works hard, (but) still he is poor.(有but時still是副詞)

  雖然普通，但有效

    Simple yet effective.

注意  與 “ but ” 意義相近，但一般多視still、yet 、only為副詞，使用上隨語氣的轉折而異。

Grammar∣Still、Yet 用法

Still、Yet

still 是副詞也是連接詞意為“仍然、然而”，在句中經常取代連接詞but，語氣強過but，however，做為形容詞意為“靜止的”。

yet = as yet, even now, until now, so far, thus far,  still 做為副詞意為“尚未…，迄今，還不能”，多半用於否定句和疑問句，用於肯定句中，意為“仍然”依然帶否定意味，做為連接詞意為“然而”時，語氣強過still，but，however，意義也因此不同。

He is still standing there. (still作副詞，修飾stand)-------------------------他依然站在那裡

He is standing there still. (still形容詞，是stand的補語)-----------------他靜靜地站在那裡

Still water runs deep. (still形容詞，修飾water)--------------------------------------大智若愚

I can hear the still small voice. (still形容詞，修飾voice) ---------------------------良心之音

(the Old Testament)

The young man is not married yet. (yet於直述句，寫句中，句尾皆可)

The young man is not yet married.------------------------------------------------這青年尚未婚

Has the young man married yet? (yet只用於現在完成式疑問句，只可寫句尾)

Have you finished the work yet?-----------------------------------------------------你完工了沒?

No, he is not yet married. ----------------------------------------------------------------他尚未婚

No, he is still single.----------------------------------------------------------------------他仍單身

Yes, he is married already.-----------------------------------------------------------------他已婚

There is still time.-----------------------------------------------還有時間，不急(有的是時間)

There is yet time. ----------------------------------------------(現在)還有時間(但快沒時間了)

The man is still alive.-----------------------------------------------------還活著(有希望活下去)

The man is yet alive.-------------------------------還有一口氣，奄奄一息(但恐怕活不下去)

yet = until now = as yet = so far肯定句多用於現在完成式的否定句中

I haven't finished it yet. -----------------------------------------------------------------------我還沒好

We haven't need any help as yet, but may be later.------------------------------我們還頂得住

Of all the men I have ever seen, he is the best as yet.-------------------他是我見過最好的人

yet = even now肯定句多用於讓步語氣(不肯定的語氣)的句子當中

You could yet succeed - Don't give up! ----------------------------------------- 你就快成功了

You might yet prove me wrong.---------------------------------------你還是不能証明我是錯的

yet = in the future多用於否定未來的狀態

He won't be back a long time yet. ------------------------他會有很久的一段時間不能回賴來

The holiday isn't a week yet. ----------------------------------------------------不到一個禮拜的假

You can't stop yet. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------你不能停

yet = more = even多用於修飾形容詞或副詞 

Boss gives us yet more work to do. ----------------------------------老板又追加工作給我們了

I am sorry to bother you yet again.------------------------------------------不好意思又麻煩你了

She bought yet another pair of shoes.----------------她又多買了一雙鞋(女人總少一雙鞋)

 

進階觀念 

Although Mr. Chen is poor, he is honest.------------------------------陳先生雖窮但為人誠實

Mr. Chen is poor, but he is honest. (普通)-----------------------------陳先生雖窮但為人誠實

Mr. Chen is poor, however, he is honest. (弱)-------------------陳先生窮不過為人還算誠實

Mr. Chen is poor, still he is honest. (強烈---讚賞)----------------陳先生雖窮然而為人誠實

Mr. Chen is poor, yet he is honest. (最強---讚賞)-----------------陳先生雖窮然而為人誠實

Although Mr. Chen is honest, he is poor.----------------------陳先生雖然為人誠實但是很窮

Mr. Chen is honest, but he is poor. (普通)--------------------陳先生雖然為人誠實但是很窮

Mr. Chen is honest, however, he is poor. (弱)----------------------陳先生為人誠實不過很窮

Mr. Chen is honest, still he is poor. (強烈)-------------------陳先生雖為人誠實然而卻很窮

Mr. Chen is honest, yet he is poor. (最強)--------------------陳先生雖為人誠實還不是很窮

註 就語氣之強弱，體會各句之語感。

Sentences from SPORTS NEWS

1. Yet tonight’s thrashing indicated that the second seed has something to prove. The Swiss may be a veteran, but boy, does he still have game.
2. On the other side of the net, Federer, who has been serving exceptionally well, will be looking to keep that going – he hasn’t been broken once.
3. The second seed here, Federer’s first week in Melbourne has been resoundingly/emphatically good. A picture of consistency, Federer has treated each opponent to a different aspect of his enviable game each match.

Sentences

1. When will you dispatch the workers to the site?
2. I'm sure I don't deserve so much praise.
3. Appreciate your praise.
4. I really admire your enthusiasm.
5. Mr . lin is a man of principles , who refused to compromise.
6. Principled they act with integrity and honesty , with a strong sense of fairness , justice and respect for the dignity of the individual , groups and communities.
7. You had better mind your own business.
8. You'd better mind your own business.
9. Tom, you’d better go there today.
10. Now you (he，we) had better listen to the teacher.
11. We had better be starting back now.
12. You had better have done it .如果你把那件事辦妥就好了。（但實際上你沒有那樣做）had better + have + V-ed 可表示「本該做而沒有做的事」
13. You had better not miss the last bus.
14. Better not wait for them.最好不要等他們。(在祈使句中，had有時可以省略)
15. Desert plants are adapted to cope with extreme heat.

Grammar∣as well as

• He is strong as well as courageous.
• He is both strong and courageous.
• He is not only courageous but also strong.
• In addition to being courageous, he is strong.

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• He acted in the play as well as directing it. (= He not only directed the play, but also acted in it.)

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• I have to cook breakfast as well as get the kids ready for school.

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• She sings as well as writing plays. (= She not only sings but also writes plays.)
• She sings as well as she writes plays. (= Her writing is as good as her singing.)